September 25 - Today in Legal History

September 25, 1789 - Bill of Rights Proposed During First U.S. Congress

The First Congress of the United States proposes a series of 12 constitutional amendments aimed at safeguarding individual rights. Three-quarters of the state legislatures will ratify 10 of these amendments, which will become known as the Bill of Rights (the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution).

Related Resources:

• The Bill of Rights (FindLaw)
• The Bill of Rights and the First Congress of the U.S. (National Archives)
• Audio: Hate Speech and the First Amendment (Justice Talking)

March 31 - Today in Legal History

March 31, 1927 - Cesar Chavez Born

Cesar Estrada Chavez is born near Yuma, Ariz. Chavez's family will eventually settle in San Jose, Calif., where local priest Father Donald McDonnell will introduce Chavez to the writings of St. Francis of Assisi and Mohandas Gandhi. In 1962, after working as a migrant farm worker, Chavez will establish the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers, and win the right to collective bargaining in California for farm workers. He will campaign for farm workers' rights until his death in 1993.

Related Resources:

• Audio: State of the Unions (Justice Talking)
• Unions (FindLaw)
• The Story of Cesar Chavez (United Farm Workers)
• Cesar Chavez and United Farm Workers (FBI)

March 30 - Today in Legal History

March 30, 1870 – Right To Vote Guaranteed

Secretary of State Hamilton Fish certifies the states' ratification of the 15th Amendment, which prohibits state and federal governments from using a citizen's color, race or former slave status as a voting qualification. During the next century, literacy tests, poll taxes and other discriminatory voting practices will dampen the amendment's promise.

Related Resources:

• Audio: Liberty Lost: Felon Disenfranchisement (Justice Talking)
• Fifteenth Amendment (FindLaw)
• Voters and Voting Rights (FindLaw)
• 15^th Amendment to the Constitution: Voting Rights (Our Documents)

March 29 - Today in Legal History

March 29, 1951 - Rosenbergs Are Spies

Americans Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage for providing secrets on the construction of the atom bomb to the Soviet Union. They will be sentenced to death and executed at New York's Sing Sing Correctional Facility in 1953.

Related Resources:

• Audio: Domestic Spying (Justice Talking)
• Capital Punishment and the Death Penalty (FindLaw)
• The Atom Spy Case (FBI)
• FBI Files: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (FBI)

March 28 - Today in Legal History

March 28, 2000 – 'Stop And Frisk' Limited

In Florida v. J.L., the U.S. Supreme Court limits police power to stop and frisk a person. The case involved an anonymous call to the Miami-Dade County Police Department reporting that a youth at a bus stop was armed. The 16-year-old "J.L." was searched and a gun found. The defense moved to suppress the weapon, arguing that the search was illegal. In a unanimous decision, the court agreed, declaring that "an anonymous tip that a person is carrying a gun is not, without more, sufficient to justify a police officer's stop and frisk of that person."

Related Resources:

• Audio: Gang Loitering (Justice Talking)
• Florida v. J.L. (FindLaw)
• Your Rights: Search and Seizure (FindLaw)

March 27 - Today in Legal History

March 27, 2002 - Bush Signs Campaign Reform Act

President George W. Bush signs the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, imposing new limits on federal campaign spending. Under the act, commonly known as McCain-Feingold, "soft money" contributions by unions and corporations to political parties are banned. The act also increases the individual campaign contribution limit from $1,000 to $2,000, and limits issue advertising – that which does not directly endorse a candidate -- to within 30 days of a primary election and 60 days of a general election.

Related Resources:

• Audio: Campaign Finance Reform  (Justice Talking)
• The First Amendment and Campaign Finance Reform (FindLaw)
• Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (Federal Election Commission)
• President Signs Campaign Finance Reform Act (White House)

March 26 - Today in Legal History

March 26, 1999 - Dr. Jack Kevorkian Convicted of Second-Degree Murder

A Michigan jury finds Dr. Jack Kevorkian guilty of the second degree murder of Thomas Youk, a 53-year old man who was stricken with Lou Gehrig's disease and died by lethal injection. The conviction follows a "60 Minutes" airing of a videotape of Dr. Kevorkian assisting in Youk's death. Kevorkian is sentenced to 10 to 25 years in prison; he is released on parole in 2007 based on good behavior.

Related resources:

• Audio: The Challenge to Assisted Suicide in Oregon (Justice Talking)
• The Kevorkian Verdict (PBS Frontline)
• Living Wills and Healthcare Power of Attorney (FindLaw)

March 25 - Today in Legal History

March 25, 1931 - 'Scottsboro Boys' Arrested

In Paint Rock, Ala., nine black teens are charged with the assault and rape of two white women. Less than a month later, they will be convicted and eight will be sentenced to death. Among them, there will be 16 trials and two U.S. Supreme Court decisions, Powell v. Alabama (1932) and Norris v. Alabama (1935). They will spend varying amounts of time in prison in a case that will come to symbolize racial injustice in the South.

Related resources:

• Audio: Race and the Justice System (Justice Talking)
• The Scottsboro Boys Trials (University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law)
• Scottsboro: An American Tragedy (PBS)
• Norris v. State of Alabama (FindLaw)
• Powell v. State of Alabama (FindLaw)

March 24 - Today in Legal History

March 24, 1989- Exxon Valdez Runs Aground in Alaska

The tanker ship Exxon Valdez runs aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The tanker spills 10.9 million gallons of crude oil into the ocean, impacting over 1,100 miles of Alaska coastline. The U.S. and Alaska file criminal charges against Exxon Corp., and a class action suit is filed by 32,000 fishermen, Alaska natives, and others whose livelihoods were affected by the disaster. The suits result in an award of over $2.5 billion in civil damages (currently being reviewed on appeal) and Exxon's payment of over $900 million in criminal fines.

Related resources:

• Audio: The Future of the Oceans (Justice Talking)
• Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
• Environmental Law (FindLaw)

March 23 - Today in Legal History

March 23, 1998 - Supreme Court Upholds Term Limits for State Lawmakers

The U.S. Supreme Court allows California's lawmaker term limits to stand. In refusing to hear an appeal in Bates v. Jones, the Court leaves in place a federal appeals court decision declaring that California's Proposition 140 term limits were constitutional under the 1st and 14th Amendments. Proposition 140 limits members of the California State Assembly to three 2-year terms and members of the California State Senate to two 4-year terms, while imposing a lifelong ban on candidates' seeking the same office once the limits have been reached.

Related resources:

• Audio: Federal Election Reform (Justice Talking)
• Bates v. Jones (FindLaw)
• U.S. Supreme Court Center (FindLaw)

March 22 - Today in Legal History

March 22, 1972 - Equal Rights Amendment Passed by U.S. Senate

The Equal Rights Amendment is passed by the U.S. Senate, in a 84-8 vote. Section 1 of the amendment states that "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." The amendment is given a seven year time limit for ratification. This deadline will later be extended, but as of the last official tally, 35 states voted to ratify the amendment (three short of the number necessary for ratification).

Related resources:

• Audio: The Women's Equality Amendment: What Does It Mean and Is It Necessary? (Justice Talking)
• The Equal Rights Amendment (National Organization for Women)
• Civil Rights Center (FindLaw)